Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a common cardiac arrhythmia characterized by rapid and irregular heartbeats originating in the atria. This condition occurs when the electrical signals in the atria become chaotic, causing the atrial muscles to contract irregularly and inefficiently. AF significantly increases the risk of blood clots, strokes, heart failure, and other cardiovascular issues. It can be classified as paroxysmal (intermittent), persistent, or permanent, depending on its duration and recurrence.
Causes and risk factors
AF is often associated with conditions such as hypertension, coronary artery disease, valvular heart disease, hyperthyroidism, and sleep apnea. Other risk factors include advanced age, obesity, diabetes, excessive alcohol consumption, chronic stress, and a family history of arrhythmias. Age is one of the most significant risk factors, with prevalence increasing dramatically in those over 65 years old.
Symptoms
Symptoms of AF can vary widely among individuals. Common signs include heart palpitations, a rapid or irregular heartbeat, dizziness, shortness of breath, weakness, fatigue, and occasionally fainting. Some patients may experience no symptoms at all, making the condition difficult to detect without medical testing.
Diagnosis and treatment
Diagnosis of AF is primarily conducted through an electrocardiogram (ECG), which identifies abnormal heart rhythms. In some cases, further testing, such as echocardiography or long-term heart monitoring, may be required. Treatment options aim to control heart rate, restore normal rhythm, and prevent complications. These may include antiarrhythmic medications, electrical cardioversion, catheter ablation, and pacemaker implantation. Anticoagulants are commonly prescribed to reduce the risk of stroke in AF patients.
Prevention and Management
Effective management of AF involves regular medical follow-up and lifestyle changes. Adopting a heart-healthy diet, engaging in regular physical activity, managing stress, and avoiding excessive alcohol can help reduce AF episodes. Proper control of underlying conditions like hypertension and diabetes is crucial in preventing the worsening of atrial fibrillation and its associated complications.